Showing posts with label 21st-Century Music. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 21st-Century Music. Show all posts

Wednesday, January 1, 2014

Writers


CRISTINA SCUDERI is a post doctoral researcher (Ph.D. in Theory, Techniques and Restoration of Music, Cinema and Audiovisual - University of Udine), journalist (pubblicista), who graduated with full marks in History of Music (University of Padua) and graduated in Organ, Harpsichord and Electronic Music (Conservatories of Padua and Venice). She is "cultore della materia" for the chair of History of Modern and Contemporary Music at the University of Padua and Technical Consultant of the Civil Court of Udine. Since 2005 she is responsible for the organization of Contemporanea New Music Festival and for the International Composition Competition Città di Udine (Taukay Music Publishing House).

MICHAEL MCDONAGH is a San Francisco-based poet and writer on the arts who has done two poem/picture books with artist Gary Bukovnik, Before I Forget (1991) and Once (1997), the former being in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, The Berkeley Art Museum, and the New York Public Library.  He has also published poems in journals including Mirage, and written two theatre pieces -- Touch and Go, for three performers, which was staged at Venue 9 in 1998; and Sight Unseen, for solo performer.  His critical pieces have appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Review of Books, 3 Penny Review, California Printmaker, Antiques and Fine Art, The Advocate, High Performance, and In Tune.  He writes for The Bay Area Reporter and heads the Bay Area chapter of The Duke Ellington Society.  He co-hosted nine radio shows on KUSF with Tony Gualtieri with whom he now shares a review website -- www.msu.edu/user/gualtie3 -- which has also been translated into Russian and appears in Intellectual Forum.  He is currently working on a collaboration with pianist-composer Ric Louchard.

MARK ALBURGER is Editor-Publisher of 21ST-CENTURY MUSIC, an award-winning ASCAP composer of concert music published by New Music; Music Director of The Opus Project, San Francisco Composers Chamber Orchestra; and San Francisco Cabaret Opera; Instructor in Music History and Theory at Diablo Valley College, author and subject of articles in The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2nd ed.), and Grove Online; music critic, musicologist, oboist, pianist, recording artist, and vocalist.  He is currently at work on Abducted by Aliens, Op. 222.

Friday, November 1, 2013

Malcolm Arnold / Elizabeth Agnew


Malcolm Henry Arnold, (b. October 21, 1921, Northampton, UK - September  23,  2006, Norwich) was the youngest of five children from a prosperous family of shoemakers.  After seeing Louis Armstrong play in Bournemouth, he took up the trumpet at 12, and, five years, later won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music.  At the RCM he studied composition with Gordon Jacob and Ernest Hall.  In 1941 he joined the London Philharmonic Orchestra as second trumpet

That same year, he registered as a conscientious objector upon joining the National Fire Service, becoming principal with the LPO two years later.

Also in 1943, Arnold wrote the first of several highly successful concert overtures, Beckus the Dandipratt, and the began his series of concerti with one for horn, in a style acknowledging the influences of Hector Berlioz, Gustav Mahler, Bela Bartok, and jazz.

The next year, after his brother had been killed in the Royal Air Force, Arnold volunteered for military service.  When the army put him in a military band, he shot himself in the foot to get back to civilian life.  Following a season as principal trumpet with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, he returned to the London Philharmonic in 1946, for two years.

Soon after, Arnold wrote a film score, the first for over a hundred for documentaries and features between 1947 and 1969.

His nine symphonies, beginning with No. 1 (Op. 22, 1949), are among his most controversial and significant works, and often deeply personal and serious. It was at this time that Arnold also wrote Clarinet Concerto, Op. 20 (1949), for Benny Goodman.

The 1950's proved an especially prolific period for Arnold, such that by 1951, British critics ranked him with Benjamin Britten as one of the most sought-after composers, connecting his music with that of Jean Sibelius.  Arnold's natural melodic gift earned a reputation as composer of light music in works such as concert overtures, and dance sets.  The latter, including the English Dances (Opp. 27 [1950], and 33 [1951]), are popular both in their original orchestral guise and in later wind- and brass-band arrangements.  These dances are also the basis for Solitaire, choreographed by Kenneth MacMillan.

His first in a sequence of highly-successful collaborations with director David Lean was for 1952's The Sound Barrier.  This was followed the next year by The Captain's Paradise.

1954 saw the composition of his Harmonica Concerto, Op. 46, as well as the films Hobson's Choice You Know What Sailors Are, and The Belles of St Trinian's (a favorite score that was to be the first of a series through 1980).  After Trapeze (1956), his score for Lean's epic Bridge on the River Kwai, won an Academy Award in its year of composition -- 1957.  Cinematic effort in the following season included The Roots of Heaven and The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958), the latter winning an Ivor Novello Award.

His set of Scottish Dances, Op. 59, appeared in 1959, as did his Guitar Concerto, Op. 67, for Julian Bream. Other cinematic successesof this period included No Love for Johnnie (1960) and Whistle Down the Wind (1961).

By this time, Arnold had a reputation for being unpleasant, frequently drunk, and highly promiscuous --  divorcing his wife in that year.  His second wife was forced to take out a court order upon separation, and, after this divorce, he made two suicide attempts.

Following 1962's Cornish Dances, Op. 91, and two more film scores (The Inspector and The Lion) -- his three-hands-on-two-pianos concerto, for the husband-and-wife team of Cyril Smith and Phyllis Sellick, was enthusiastically premiered at the 1969 Proms.  This was also the year of Arnold's last major film score, David Copperfield.

In 1978, he was treated as an in-patient for several months in the acute psychiatric ward at the Royal Free Hospital, London, and the next year entered St Andrew's Hospital in Northampton to be treated for depression and alcoholism.

Arnold overcame both, despite being given only a year to live in the early 1980's, lived more than 20 more years thereafter, completing his final symphony in 1986, the same year as the Irish Dances (Op. 126), which were soon followd in 1988 by Cello Concerto, Op. 136, for Julian Lloyd Webber, and a Welsh (Op. 138, 1988) dance set.   By the time of his 70th birthday in 1991, Arnold's reputation recovered and he was able to appear at Royal Albert Hall to receive an ovation after a Proms performance of his Guitar Concerto.

Malcolm Arnold died at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, on September 23,  2006, after suffering from a chest infection.  His last work, The Three Musketeers, a pastiche assembled by John Longstaff and Anthony Meredith, was premiered that same day by the Northern Ballet, at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford.

A secondary school in Northampton, was renamed the Malcolm Arnold Academy after the composer on September 3, 2010.


Selected Works List

Divertimento No. 1, Op. 1 (1945)
Larch Trees, Op. 3 (1943)
Three Shanties for Woodwind Quintet, Op. 4 (1943)
Comedy Overture: Beckus the Dandipratt, Op. 5 (1943)
Trio for Flute, Viola and Bassoon Op. 6 (1942)
Quintet for Flute, Violin, Viola, Horn and Bassoon, Op. 7 (1944)
Variations on a Ukrainian Folk-Song, Op 9 (1944)
Duo for Flute and Viola, Op 10 (1945)
Horn Concerto No. 1, Op. 11 (1945)
Symphonic Suite, Op. 12
Symphony for Strings, Op. 13 (1946)
Violin Sonata No. 1, Op. 15 (1947)
Children's Suite for Piano, Op 16 (1947)
Viola Sonata, Op. 17 (1947)
Two Bagatelles, Op. 18 (1947)
Flute Sonatina, Op. 19 (1948)
Concertino, Op 19a (2000)
Concerto for Clarinet and Strings No 1, Op 20 (1949)
The Smoke (Overture), Op. 21 (1948)
Antony and Cleopatra (1949)
Symphony No. 1, Op. 22 (1949)
Divertimento No. 2, Op. 24 (1950)
Laudate Dominum (Psalm 150) for choir and organ, Op. 25 (1950)
Serenade for Small Orchestra, Op. 26 (1950)
English Dances, Set 1, Op. 27 (1950)
Oboe Sonatina, Op. 28 (1951)
Clarinet Sonatina, Op. 29 (1951)
Concertino for Clarinet and Strings, Op 29a (1951)
Symphonic Study Machines Op. 30 (1951)
A Sussex Overture, Op. 31 (1951)
Concerto for Piano Duet and Strings, Op. 32 (1951)
English Dances, Set 2, Op. 33 (1951)
The Dancing Master, Op. 34 (1952; one act)
Two Ceremonial Psalms, Op. 35 (1952)
Eight Children's Piano Pieces, Op 36 (1952)
Divertimento for Flute, Oboe and Clarinet, Op 37 (1952)
Oboe Concerto, Op. 39 (1952)
Symphony No. 2, Op. 40 (1953)
Allegretto and Vivace for Concert Band, Op 40a (1953)
Recorder Sonatina, Op. 41 (1953)   
Homage to the Queen, Op. 42 (1953)
Violin Sonata No. 2, Op. 43 (1953)
Flourish for a Birthday, Op 44 (1953)
Flute Concerto No. 1, Op. 45 (1954)
Harmonica Concerto, Op. 46 (1954)
Organ Concerto, Op. 47 (1954)
Sinfonietta No. 1, Op. 48 (1954)
Rinaldo and Armida, Op. 49 (1954)
Serenade for Guitar and Strings, Op. 50 (1955)
John Clare Cantata, Op. 52 (1955)
Little Suite No. 1, Op. 53 (1955)
Piano Trio, Op. 54 (1956)
Song of Praise "John Clare", Op. 55 (1956)
The Open Window, Op. 56 (1956; one act)
A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956)
Horn Concerto No. 2, Op. 58 (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai Concert Suite (1957)
Four Scottish Dances, Op. 59 (1957)
Oboe Quartet, Op. 61 (1957)
Toy Symphony, Op. 62 (1957)
Symphony No. 3, Op. 63 (1957)
Commonwealth Christmas Overture, Op. 64 (1957)
Sinfonietta No. 2, Op. 65 (1958)
Guitar Concerto, Op. 67 (1959)
Sweeney Todd, Op. 68 (1959)
Sweeney Todd Concert Suite, Op. 68a (1959)
The Song of Simeon, Op. 69 (1959)
Symphony No. 4, Op. 71 (1960)
Quintet For Brass, Op. 73 (1961)
Symphony No. 5, Op. 74 (1961)
Divertimento No. 2, revised, Op. 75 (1961)
Grand Concerto Gastronomique, Op. 76
Little Suite No. 2, Op. 78 (1961)
Attleborough, Op 78a (1923)
Concerto for Two Violins and String Orchestra, Op. 77 (1962)
Electra, ballet, Op. 79 (1963)
Little Suite No 1 for Brass Band, Op. 80 (1963)
Little Suite No. 4, Op. 80a (1963)
Sinfonietta No. 3, Op. 81 (1964)
Water Music, Op. 82 (1964)
Sunshine Overture, Op. 83 (1964)
Five pieces for Violin and Piano, Op. 84 (1965
Duo for Two Cellos, Op 85 (1965)
Fantasy for Bassoon, Op 86 (1966)
Fantasy for Clarinet, Op 87 (1966)
Fantasy for Horn, Op. 88 (1966)
Fantasy for Flute, Op 89 (1966)
Fantasy for Oboe Op. 90 (1966)
Four Cornish Dances, Op. 91 (1966)
Little Suite No 2 for Brass Band, Op. 93 (1967)
Little Suite No. 5, Op. 93a (1957)
Symphony No. 6, Op. 95 (1967)
Peterloo Overture, Op. 97 (1968)
Salute to Thomas Merritt, Op. 98 (1987)
Anniversary Overture, Op. 99 (1968)
Fantasy for Trumpet, Op. 100 (1969)
Fantasy for Trombone, Op. 101 (1969)
Fantasy for Tuba, Op. 102 (1969)
Concerto for Piano 3 Hands and Orchestra, Op. 104 (1969, for Phyllis and Cyril)
Concerto for 28 players, Op. 105 (1970)
Fantasy for Guitar, Op. 107 (1971)
Viola Concerto, Op. 108 (1971)
Song of Freedom for choir and brass band, Op. 109 (1972)
The Fairfield Overture, Op. 110 (1972)
Flute Concerto No. 2, Op. 111 (1972)
A Flourish For Orchestra, Op. 112 (1973)
Symphony No. 7, Op. 113 (1973)
Fantasy for Brass Band, Op 114a (1973)
Concerto No 2 for Clarinet and Orchestra, Op 115 (1974)
Fantasy on a Theme of John Field Op 116
Fantasy for Harp, Op. 117 (1975)
The Return of Odysseus, Op. 119 (1976)
Philharmonic Concerto, Op. 120 (1976)
Flute Sonata, Op. 121 (1977)
Variations for Orchestra, Op. 122 (1977)
Symphony for Brass Instruments, Op. 123 (1978)
Symphony No. 8, Op. 124 (1978)
Trumpet Concerto, Op. 125 (1988)
Four Irish Dances, Op. 126 (1986)
Fantasy for Recorder, Op. 127 (1987)
Symphony No. 9, Op. 128 (1986)
Three Fantasies for Piano, Op. 129 (1986)
Fantasy for Cello, Op 130 (1987)
Little Suite No 3 for Brass Band, Op. 131
Brass Quintet No. 2, Op. 132
Recorder Concerto, Op. 133 (1988)
Divertimento for Two Bb Clarinets, Op 135 (1988)
Concerto for Cello, Op 136 (1988)
Four Welsh Dances, Op. 138 (1988)
Flourish for a Battle, Op 139 (1989)
Robert Kett Overture, Op. 141 (1988)
A Manx Suite (Little Suite No. 3), Op. 142 (1990)

Chronicle of September 2013


September 9

Dedalus Ensemble presents Made in USA.  Roulette, New York, NY.  "This polished, proficient Montpellier ensemble -- represented here by a sextet of Amélie Berson, flutist; Cyprien Busolini, violist; Pierre Stéphane Meugé, saxophonist; Deborah Walker, cellist; Thierry Madiot, trombonist; Didier Aschour, guitarist -- came together in 1996. Modern American music is one of its specialties, Mr. Aschour said from the stage between pieces. . . . "40˚ 44’ 5.82” N, 74˚ 1’ 38.53” W, by Devin Maxwell, was an amiably strident greeting, with chords and clusters hammered insistently, then lightly, in ragged unison (Running the title through Google Maps renders a street address in Manila, although the coordinates are actually those of a site in Hoboken, N.J).  A similar rhythmic vitality applied in Jonathan Marmor’s brightly pointillist Penguin Atlas of African History and Michael Vincent Waller’s sweetly lyrical Ritratto.  Quentin Tolimieri’s Any Number of Instruments dispatched Mr. Madiot to the balcony, his melancholy lines wafting out above moody chords floating up from the stage.  Coney Island, April 15, 2012, by Craig Shepard, ended the concert’s first half with dreamlike melancholy, punctuated with the metal tingle of triangles suspended from each player’s music stand.  Most of the works on the concert’s second half dealt in tonal ambiguity and intense, tactile timbres. For the first of Jason Brogan’s Deux Études, the musicians took places among audience members on the floor.  As they played near the threshold of audibility, your listening grew sharp and broad, folding the room’s ambience and outdoor street sounds into the piece.  The second étude, played later in the set, offered a concentrated perspective of similar gestures, with the players onstage.  Both Catherine Lamb’s Overlays Transparent/Opaque and John Hastings’s Theory of Harmony employed similar extremes of silence, space and detail.  In these pieces, placid discords conjured eerie overtones, wobbling beats and the sounds of instruments not present; Mr. Hastings added electronic static, his sounds rising above, then receding below, a wash of white noise.  Setting instruments aside, the Dedalus players ended with The Young Generation Is Right, by Travis Just, clapping their hands in steady patterns in alternation with electronic tones from a laptop computer.  After all the meditative intensity that preceded it, Mr. Just’s piece provided a welcome note of playful quirk" [Steve Smith, The New York Times, 9/10/13].


September 28

Teng Ensemble presents Eight.  Esplanade Recital Studio, Singapore.  "The all-Singaporean Teng Ensemble, now in their eighth year, also has eight members, conveniently giving their concert its title. All its members are music teachers and they have just recorded their first album. They include a countertenor and performers on the yangqin, pipa, sheng, guzheng, cello, erhu and guitar.  As composer-in-residence Benjamin Lim Yi took pains to explain repeatedly throughout the concert, this was not a classical Chinese music concert -- the ensemble decided early on in their existence that they did not want to pigeon-hole themselves in their repertoire, opting instead to bring as large an audience to Chinese music as possible.  In an effort to portray an image different from that usually associated with classical Chinese musicians, the ensemble has carved itself a niche in Singapore’s often bland music scene, and their chosen uniform -- a snazzy black suit, skinny tie ensemble speaks to such aspirations. . . .  A sea of white chrysanthemums took centre-stage, forming an attractive foreground between the audience and the musicians, and also a canvas on which mood lighting – very well executed, by the way – was projected. Eight new pieces / arrangements by Benjamin Lim Yi . . . were given their first performance.  Despite his varied experience in film scoring, with at least five film scores to his name, including the complex score . . . to Loo Zihan’s controversial Threshold, these pieces seemed often cut from the same cloth, with atmospheric, dreamy mood music . . . interspersed with pentatonic melodies on electronica.  Many of the tunes had a pre-recorded synthesized track -- the purely acoustic arrangement of  The Moon at Mt Guan  (lovely, but too short an excerpt) was an exception; Un die in Settembre was another.  Lim’s ability to create complex musical scores was not much in evidence here, many pieces were quite easy to listen to but not the most memorable, with what might best be described as chinoiserie with a bass-line, what might result if Kitaro (those drum beats in Forest Trail, mainly) got together with Yanni and Joe Hisaishi to write the soundtrack to a Chinese film score. . . . The most successful pieces were the mellow Un Die in Settembre, inspired by Hisaishi. and Valse, which Lim explained was influenced by their common love of Korean drama" [Derek Lim, The Flying Inkpot, 9/29/13].



The Opus Project presents Opus 9.  Alexander Scriabin's Left-Hand Prelude & Nocturne; Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony No. 1, Bela Bartok's Dirge, Op. 9, No. 1; Igor Stravinsky's Poem of Paul Verlaine, Op. 9, No. 1; Anton Webern's Bagatelle, Op. 9, No. 1; Sergei Prokofiev's Poem, Op. 9, No. 1, Paul Hindemith's Song, Op. 9, No. 1; Kurt Weill's Quodlibet, Op. 9, No. 1; Dmitri Kabalevsky's Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 9, No. 3, Samuel Barber's Symphony No. 1 in One Movement; Alan Hovhaness's Piano Quintet, Op. 9, No. 1; Benjamin Britten's Soirees Musicales, Op. 9, No. 1; John Lennon's Revolution 9; Mark Alburger's Psalm 92; Michael Stubblefield's Distant Worlds: Sumeria; and Austin Graham's Mild Insanity.  Diablo Valley College, Pleasant Hill, CA.

Dmitri Shostakovich's The Nose.  Metropolitan Opera, New York, NY.  Through October 26.  "William Kentridge’s . . . staging of Shostakovich’s first opera, The Nose . . . with unflagging energy and unfettered imagination . . . powerfully seconds both the irreverent zaniness of the Gogol story . . . and the teeming exuberance of Shostakovich’s music.  Gogol’s tale, from 1836, is a sendup of self-important petty bureaucrats. His antihero, Kovalyov, a collegiate assessor who likes to be called Major, wakes up one morning to find his nose gone: possibly the victim of a razor slip by Kovalyov’s tippling barber, Yakovlevich, though the circumstances are, in Gogol’s words, 'enshrouded in mist.' The Nose, meanwhile, has swelled to human scale and taken on a life of its own, complete with a career as state councilor, a bureaucratic rank higher than Kovalyov’s. Understandably confounded and momentarily humbled, Kovalyov spends the work in pursuit of the Nose, which he ultimately succeeds in having put back in its place, literally and figuratively.  Shostakovich, who was 20 when he began the opera in 1927, responded with a peacock display of his prodigious gifts, a richly inventive score that in retrospect seems to have accurately predicted many of the directions of his work to come. The highly original special effects include an extended interlude for percussion alone and a song by Kovalyov’s servant, Ivan, accompanied by balalaikas. . . .  The setting, though never terribly specific, is clearly meant to represent the Russia in which Shostakovich was working, the nascent Stalinist era, with red flags and banners flying, and Stalin himself the subject of some of those sketches. It was surely a time as rich in petty bureaucrats as Gogol’s Russia a century before, and so the satire seems as pertinent in that sense as it is impertinent in mood. . . .  The Nose, generally just a visual presence, has one big number, lording it over Kovalyov in the cathedral, which Alexander Lewis, a tenor, effectively dispatched here. . . . [Valery] Gergiev is a master of this score, and the Met Orchestra responded eagerly to his ministrations, reveling in the young Shostakovich’s brash strokes" [James R. Oestreich, The New York Times, 10/1/13].

Wednesday, May 1, 2013

Chronicle of March 2013


March 1

George London Competition, Morgan Library, New York, NY.  "Dominic Armstrong’s gripping rendition of the mad scene from [Benjamin Britten's] Peter Grimes . . . was . . .   remarkable: an unsettling, powerful performance . . . .   Jonathan Michie . . .  brought a liedlike sense of poetry to Britten’s Look! Through the Port from Billy Budd; [John] Brancy sang Pierrot’s Tanzlied from [Erich] Korngold’s Tote Stadt with exquisite musicality and a natural sense of phrasing" [Corinna de Fonseca-Wollheim, The New York Times, 3/4/13].


Friday, March 1, 2013

Arnold Schoenberg to 1907 / Mark Alburger


"My music is not modern, it is merely badly played."

"I was never revolutionary. The only revolutionary in our time was Strauss!"

Triskaidekaphobia came honestly to Arnold Schoenberg from day one (b. Arnold Schönberg, September 13, 1874, Vienna, Austria), born to an Ashkenazi Jewish family in the Leopoldstadt district (in earlier times a Jewish ghetto), at Obere Donaustraße 5, and continuing to his death (July 13, 1951).

Although Schoenberg's mother Pauline (nee Nachod, 1848-1921), a native of Prague, was a piano teacher, the composer's musical instruction began at eight, with violin lessons.  The year after the death of his Bratislavian shoestore-owning father Samuel (1838-1890), Arnold was obliged to take work as a bank clerk for about five years.  During this time his friend, violinist Oskar Adler, continued Schoenberg's music education, and Schoenberg supplemented this by teaching himself to play the cello.

In about 1894, he composed a set of piano pieces and joined a small amateur string orchestra.  The ensemble was directed by composer Alexander von Zemlinsky, two years his senior, and they became fast friends.  In the ensuring years, the duo played their compositions for each other, including a collection of piano duos (1896), and Schoenberg credited Zemlinsky with being his prinicipal teacher.

The four-movement String Quartet in D Major is Schoenberg's earliest extant work of large scale.  Zemlinsky gave Schoenberg much advice and criticism during its composition, and even showed an early draft to Johannes Brahms, who gave its approval.  Completed in the autumn of 1897, it was premiered privately on March 17, 1898, and publicly later that same year, with Zemlimsky's help, on December 20 in Vienna.  The work was a success (one of the few for many years), and both composers felt it signified a new stage of Schoenberg's artistic development.

Schoenberg converted to Lutheranism that year and lived by orchestrating operettas.  Here begins his first eight works given opus numbers, all on, or inspired by-- love texts -- beginning with the lengthy Two Songs for baritone, Op. 1 (1898), after Karl Michael von Levetzow (1871-1945), cast in sonata-influenced forms, featuring lush counterpoint and asymetrical melodic lines.

The next works add two numbers apiece, beginning with Four Songs, Op. 2 (1899), the initial three on texts of Richard Dehmel (1863-1920), who was also soon to inspire Op. 3, No. 3 of Six Songs, Verklarte Nacht, Op. 4, and Op. 6, No. 2.  Dehmel's eroticism (he was twice prosecuted for blasphemy and obscenity and twice exonerated) finds poignancy in Schoenberg's hands, with precious chromaticism and beautiful arpeggios, for instance, in the opening Erwartung (Expectation) -- a title which returns years later in Marie Pappenheim's libretto for the composer's Op. 19.  Other composers to be inspired by Dehmal included Richard Strauss, Max Reger, Alexander von Zemlinsky, Anton Webern, Ignatz Waghalter, and Kurt Weill.  A cascadingly erotic setting of Johannes Schlaf (1862-1941) makes for a charming conclusion.

The Six Songs, Op. 3 (1899) are on varied texts, beginning with a selection from Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Boy's Magic Horn), the early-19th-century three-volume folk poetry collection, which inspired Weber, Loewe, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Brahms, Zemlinsky, and Webern.  Settings of Gottfried Keller (1819-1890, poems 2 and 5), Dehmel, Jens Peter Jacobsen (1847-1885, who also inspired Frederick Delius's Fennimore and Gerda, and Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder), and Hermann (Ritter von) Lingg (1820-1905), follow.  All the songs exhibit the tonal clarity Brahms, reflecting an interest in balanced phrases and an undisturbed hierarchy of key relationships, yet also explore unusually bold post-Wagnerian chromaticism.

The one-movement string sextet, Verklärte Nacht (or Transfigured Night), Op. 4 (1899), was composed in just three weeks (rapidity would be Schoenberg's hallmark in a number of pieces, including Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21, 1912).  The work was inspired by Richard Dehmel's like-named poem, along with Schoenberg's strong feelings upon meeting Mathilde von Zemlinsky, his friend's sister.   Verklaret Nacht can be divided into five distinct sections which refer to the equivalent stanzas of the literary endeavor.

Here Schoenberg succeeds in combining Brahms's structural logic with Wagner's harmonic innovations.  The work was turned down by the Vienna Music Society for an initial performance in its year of composition, due to a single "nonexistent" (uncategorized and unpermitted) inverted ninth chord.  The composer remarked "and thus [the work] cannot be performed since one cannot perform that which does not exist."  The work indeed employs a rich chromatic language far from its home key of D minor.  Several distinctive "leitmotif"-like themes are introduced, each subsuming the previous. There is perpetual dissolution, variety, and recombination, that Schoenberg characterized as "developing variation," again simultaneously evoking Brahms and Wagner.

Gurre-Lieder (w/o Op.) -- Schoenberg's massive cantata for five vocal soloists, narrator, chorus and large orchestra -- is based on poems by the Danish novelist Jens Peter Jacobsen, translated by Robert Franz Arnold).  It began, in 1900, as a song cycle for soprano, tenor and piano for a competition run by the Vienna Composers' Association, but was according to the composer, "finished . . . half a week too late for the contest, and this decided the fate of the work."  Later that year, he radically expanded his original conception, composing links between the first nine songs as well as adding a prelude, The Wood Dove's Song, and the whole of Parts Two and Three.

Schoenbergian controvery continued the next year, as protests broke out when songs from Op. 1-3 were sung at a concert in December.

In October 1901, he married Mathilde Zemlinsky, the sister of Zemlinsky.  They moved to Berlin that December, where Schoenberg obtained work at the Uberbrettl cabaret, writing at least one such song -- Nachwandler -- that was subsequently performed once.  Their daughter, Gertrud (1902–1947), was born the next year.

Transfigured Night was controversial when it finally was premiere by the Rose Quartet, on March 18, 1902, in the Vienna Musikverein, due to the harmony and Dehmel's explicit sexual references. 

The symphonic poem Pelleas und Melisande, Op. 5 (February 1903), is Schoenberg's first numbered non-vocal work, yet still based on a literary source -- that of Maurice Maeterlinck as suggested by Richard Strauss.  When Schoenberg began the composition, he was unaware that Claude Debussy's opera was about to premiere in Paris.  The work is, like Transfigured Night, in a D minor of  one continuous movement with inter-related sections.  It makes the first notated use of a trombone glissando in the section where Golaud leads Pelleas to the underground tombs.  Theme groups, similar to the leitmotif, which are associated with individual scenes or people, form the building-blocks of a symphonic development.

Fellow older post-romantics Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler recognized Schoenberg's significance as a composer -- Strauss when he encountered the continually-evolving Gurre-Lieder, and Mahler after hearing several early works.  The former was sufficiently impressed to obtain for Schoenberg a teaching post at the Stern Academy.
In Gurre-Leider, Schoenberg utilizes sprechstimme (song-speech) -- his first use of the effect so tellingly utilized in such works as Pierrot Lunaire and A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 (1947). This combination of semi-spoken text with instrumental accompaniment stems from melodrama, a genre much in vogue at the end of the 19th Century.  By 1903, Schoenberg abandoned the mammoth task of orchestrating Gurre-Leider and moved on to other projects. 

One of these included the relatively more straightforward Eight Songs for soprano, Op. 6 (1903), based on texts by Julius Hart (1859-1930),  Paul Remer (1867-1943), Hermann Conradi (1862-1890), Keller, John Henry Mackay (1864-1933), Kurt Aram (1869-1934), and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900).

Schoenberg began teaching harmony, counterpoint and composition in 1904. His first students were Paul Pisk, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg, the latter two ultimately constituting with their teacher a Second or New Viennese School.

Pelleas und Melisande was premiered on January 25, 1905, at the Musikverein in Vienna under the composer's direction in a concert that also included the first performance of Alexander von Zemlinsky's Die Seejungfrau.  Reception of Schoenberg's work was cool and the orchestra ill at ease.

The again one-movement String Quartet No. 1 in D Minor, Op. 7 (1905) lasts longer than 45 minutes.  Begun in the summer of 1904 and completed in September 1905, it is remarkable for its density and intensity of orchestration.  The extended tonality includes quartal harmony, and carries a small collection of themes which recur in many different guises.  Additionally, Schoenberg makes use of "musical prose," favoring asymmetrical phrases that build into larger cohesive "sentences."  The first performance was given in Vienna on February 5, 1907 by the Rose Quartet after extensive rehearsal.  According to Schoenberg, when he showed the score to Gustav Mahler, the elder composer exclaimed: "I have conducted the most difficult scores of Wagner; I have written complicated music myself in scores of up to thirty staves and more; yet here is a score of not more than four staves, and I am unable to read them."

Typical of Schoenberg's vocal collections, the Six Orchestral Songs, Op. 8 (1905), are variously based on Hart, Des Knaben Wunderhorn, but unusually on Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374, in translations by Karl August Förster, 1784-1841).  The pieces are intense and lush miniatures, written close to the time of the birth of the composer's son, Georg (1906–1974). 

The single-movement (surprise) Kammersymphonie (Chamber Symphony) No. 1 in E Major, Op. 9 (1906), for 15 instruments (Flute/Piccolo, Oboe, English Horn, Eb Clarinet, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon, 2 Horns, 2 Violins, Viola, Cello, and Double Bass), lasts approximately 20 minutes and is a well-known example of the use of quartal harmony.  The two opening themes are based respectively on superimposed perfect fourths and the whole-tone scale -- the distinction between melodic and harmonic dimensions becoming blurred.  The work was premiered on February 8, 1907 in Vienna by the Rose Quartet together with a wind ensemble from the Vienna Philharmonic, under the composer's baton.

In that year, the composer began to win public acceptance, with Pelleas und Melisande receiving acclaim at a Berlin performance.  But it was not to last...

Friday, February 1, 2013

John Zorn / Mark Alburger


John Zorn (b. 9/ 2/53, New York, NY) learned flute, guitar, and piano as a child.

He grew up in a household of sound: his mother listened to classical and world music; his father to jazz, French chansons, and country music; and his older brother to doo-wop, and 50's rock and roll.

Zorn recalled an episode of his life, after buying a record by Mauricio Kagel in 1968 at the age of fifteen, that influenced his subsequent taste for experimental and avant-garde music:]

"Kagel, Improvisation Ajoutée.  I bought this when I was about 15. . . . [G]ot it at Sam Goody in September, for 98 cents. And it's a really crazy piece, with the guys screaming and hooting, something that attracted me. I was over at my friend's house, and he really liked the Rolling Stones. And I just got this record, and I put it on and he looked at me like...who the hell are you? Are you out of your mind? And his mother was there, and she was like . . . my God, take this off... and right then and there, I decided: this was the music.

Zorn spent time in his teenage years listening to classical music, film music, and The Doors, and playing bass in a surf band.

He taught himselforchestration and counterpoint, transcribing scores and composing, a procedure of "plagiarizing, stealing, quoting, or whatever you can call it," of collage and transposition into his own world, that he has been using throughout his career.

Zorn began playing saxophone after discovering Anthony Braxton's album For Alto (1969) while studying composition at Webster University, St. Louis, MO.

His Christabel, for five flutes, was written in 1972 and first appeared on Angelus Novus in 1998. 

While still in college, Zorn incorporated elements of contemporary classical music, free jazz, film scores, performance art and the cartoon scores of Carl Stalling into his first recordings which were later released in 1973.

Following a stint on the West Coast, Zorn moved back to New York. There he gave concerts in his apartment and other small NY venues, playing saxophone and a variety of reeds, duck calls, tapes, and other instruments.

In 1975, he founded the Theatre of Musical Optics, which later became his publishing house, and became a major participant in the downtown music scene as a composer, performer, and producer
Zorn later used the term "Theatre of Musical Optics" for the publishing company of his compositions.

Zorn's early compositions include "game pieces" or "game theories", described as "complex systems harnessing improvisers in flexible compositional formats," which involve "strict rules, role playing, prompters with flashcards, all in the name of melding structure and improvisation in a seamless fashion."

Game pieces are often named after sports, and include Baseball (1976), Lacrosse (1976), Dominoes (1977), Curling (1977), Golf (1977), Hockey (1978), Cricket (1978), and Fencing (1978).

The Book of Heads, 35 etudes for solo guitar written in 1978 for Eugene Chadbourne, was followed by Pool (1979), and Archery (1979). 

In 1981, Zorn was "blowing duck calls in buckets of water at fringe venues," which included 8BC, Roulette, Chandelier, and Zorn's own clubhouse, the Saint.

Zorn's first solo saxophone and duck call recordings were originally released in two volumes as The Classic Guide to Strategy in 1983 and 1986 on Lumina.  Zorn's early small group improvisations are documented on Locus Solus (1983) which featured Zorn with Anton Fier, Wayne Horvitz, Arto Lindsay, Christian Marclay, and Ikue Mori.

His best-known game piece is Cobra (1984), first released in 1987 and subsequently in 1992, 1994, and 2002, with many further revisions in performance.

Ganryu Island featured a series of duets by Zorn with Satoh Michihiro on shamisen, which received limited release on Yukon in 1984.

Zorn's breakthrough recording was The Big Gundown: John Zorn Plays the Music of Ennio Morricone (1985), where Zorn offered radical arrangements of the Italian composer's film music including The Big Gundown (1966), Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), A Fistful of Dynamite (1971), and Once Upon a Time in America (1984).  The album was endorsed by Morricone, who praised it, saying "This is a record that has fresh, good and intelligent ideas. It is realization on a high level, a work done by a maestro with great science-fantasy and creativity... Many people have done versions of my pieces, but no one has done them like this."

Zorn's versions incorporated elements of traditional Japanese music, soul jazz, and other diverse musical genres.  The 15th-anniversary re-release of the album featured additional explorations.

Zorn remembers that after "The Big Gundown came out I was convinced that a lot of soundtrack work was going to be coming my way".

While Hollywood acclaim was not forthcoming, he attracted the attention of independent filmmakers, the first being Rob Schwebber for White and Lazy followed by Sheila McLaughlin's She Must Be Seeing Things, both in 1986).
That same year, he first released Godard, a tribute to French film-maker Jean-Luc Godard, whose jump-cut technique inspired Zorn's compositional approach, on the  album The Godard Fans: Godard Ca Vous Chante?
Also in 1986 Zorn participated in projects focused on modern jazz composers which highlighted his saxophone style.

He followed this with his second major-label release Spillane in 1987, composed of three different tributes.  The title track has text by Arto Lindsay, set to an array of film-noir references;  Two-Lane Highway is a blues-based form to highlight the guitar of Albert Collins; and Forbidden Fruit concludes in homage to a Japanese film star, as performed by the Kronos Quartet.

Zorn credits the composition of his 1988 string quartet Cat O' Nine Tails, commissioned and originally released by Kronos, to awakening him to the possibilities of writing for classical musicians. 

Nevertheless, Zorn established Naked City that year as a "compositional workshop" to test the limitations of the rock band format.

Featuring Zorn on saxophone, Bill Frisell (guitars), Fred Frith (bass), Wayne Horvitz (keyboards), Joey Baron (drums), and occasional vocals from Yamatsuka Eye, Bob Dorough, and later Mike Patton -- Naked City highlighted  Zorn's appreciation of hardcore bands.

Named after a 1945 book of graphic black and white photographs by Weegee the band performed an aggressive mix of "soundtrack themes, bluesy hard bop, speedy hardcore rock, squealing free jazz  metallic funk."
Zorn has stated that "Naked City started with rhythm and blues / Spillane type things then went into this hard-core thing... because I was living in Japan and experiencing a lot of alienation and rejection... My interest in hard-core also spurred the urge to write shorter and shorter pieces."

In 1989, the cover of their eponymous album used the Weegee photograph Corpse with Revolver C.A. 1940, which shows a gangland killing.  This was directly followed by Torture Garden, a collection of 42 "hardcore miniatures," intense brief compositions often lasting less than a minute.

He composed, in 1990 the soundtrack for Raul Ruiz' The Golden Boat. All aforementioned film scores appeared on Filmworks 1986-1990 along with a 64-second interpretation of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.

Zorn formed Painkiller, with Bill Laswell on bass and Mick Harris on drums, in 1991.  Painkiller's first two releases, Guts of a Virgin (1991) and Buried Secrets (1992), featured short grindcore and free jazz-inspired compositions.

Zorn's second Filmworks release documented his Music for an Untitled Film by Walter Hill (1996) which was composed for the film Trespass (1992).

Older tracks resurfaced on Naked City's third release, Grand Guignol (1992), which also included performances of works by Claude Debussy, Alexander Scriabin, Orlande de Lassus, Charles Ives, and Olivier Messiaen.  At this point, Zorn left Electra Nonesuch after the company's response to the artwork for the album, releasing the remaining Naked City projects on the Japanese-based Avant.

The band's subsequent album, Heretic (1992), featured more short improvisations, produced for the soundtrack of an underground S/M film Jeux des Dames Cruelles. The band released a second EP, Leng Tch'e, in 1992 featuring a single composition which lasted just over half an hour.

As Zorn's interest in Naked City waned he "started hearing classical music in [his] head again.  The responses to this included the suites Elegy (1992) (dedicated to Jean Genet) and Kristallnacht (1993), for strings, percussion, and electronic instruments.

John Zorn recorded Kristallnacht in November 1992, his first work of radical Jewish culture,  a suite of seven compositions reflecting the infamous 1938 Night of Broken Glass. The experience prompted Zorn to further explore his Jewish heritage and composing using Jewish musical styles, setting himself the task of writing 100 compositions within a year incorporating klezmer into his musical palette.

Naked City continued with Radio, released in 1993, as the first of the group's albums to be composed solely by Zorn, and featured tracks drawing on a typical wide range of musical influences: Boredoms, Sammy Cahn, Carcass, Ornette Coleman, Corrosion of Conformity, Extreme Noise Terror, Morton Feldman, Funkadelic, Charlie Haden, Bernard Herrmann, Quincy Jones, Carole King, Led Zeppelin, Liberace, Little Feat, Massacre, Charles Mingus, Orchestra Baobab, Santana, Frank Sinatra, Igor Stravinsky, Booker T. and the M.G.'s, Conway Twitty, Anton Webern, and Roger Williams.

The final recording from Naked City, Absinthe (1993) was a blend of ambient noise compositions titled after the works of Paul Verlaine and Charles Baudelaire, with a dedication to Olivier Messiaen. 

Painkiller's first live album, Rituals: Live in Japan, on Toys Factory, 1993, was followed by the double CD Execution Ground (1994), which featured longer dub and ambient pieces.

By 1994, the number of short post-Kristallnacht compositions had grown to 200 and became known as the First Masada Book.  Zorn notes:

"The project for Masada was to create something positive in the Jewish tradition, something that maybe takes the idea of Jewish music into the 21st century the way jazz developed from the teens and 1920's into the 40's, the 50's, the 60's and on. . . .  My initial plan was to write 100 tunes in a year that touched upon the Jewish tradition and that was an interesting challenge.  It was really fun as a composer to come home and write a something that could be finished sometimes in 10 minutes, sometimes in an hour or sometimes an evening. . . . The Masada songbook was really something that was like the Irving Berlin songbook or the Burt Bacharach songbook or the Thelonious Monk songbook. Here's another lifetime for me.  So when I look at what's been accomplished in the world of Masada, it's kind of unbelievable.  Of course I had no idea at the times I started.  My initial idea was to write a hundred tunes. And then I ended up writing over 200 for the first book and then performed it countless time for years."

The initial Masada releases were ten albums on DIW from 1994.  The eponymous group (later dubbed the "acoustic" Masada) was an Ornette Coleman-inspired quartet of Zorn (alto saxophone), Dave Douglas (trumpet), Greg Cohen (bass), and Joey Baron (drums), performing compositions based on Sephardic scales and rhythms.  The original Masada albums were titled after the first ten letters of the Hebrew Alphabet – Alef, Beit, Gimel, Dalet, Hei, Vav, Zayin, Het, Tet and Yod -- and contained compositions with Hebrew titles.  Further releases by Masada consisted of live performances recorded in Jerusalem, Taipei, Middleheim, Seville, and in New York at the Knitting Factory and Tonic, and a double CD of unreleased studio recordings, Sanhedrin 1994-1997 (2005).

In 1995, in co-operation with jazz producer Kazunori Sugiyama, Zorn established the Tzadik label to ensure availability of his catalogue and promote experimental musicians. Zorn said that the label is a way to shield from the power of the music industry, with "giant corporations acting like slave masters, like the return of the pharaohs," merging to get even more powerful like in the Polygram-Universal acquisition; and to shield from distribution companies like Tower, HMV, and Virgin Megastores, that are destroying "the small mom and pop stores -- people that love the music and that’s why they have their store," and from the insidious pollution of the tastes of the masses, "with brainwashing and brain-control. These marketing guys who are at the head of all these companies, they’re really the ones that are spoon-feeding everybody shit."

The label's releases are divided into series:  The Archival Series features Zorn's recordings, including re-releases of several albums that appeared on other labels, Zorn's film work, and recordings from 1973 onwards;  The Composer Series features Zorn's music for "classical" ensembles along with work by many other contemporary composers; The Radical Jewish Culture Series features contemporary Jewish musicians. The New Japan Series covers Japanese underground music; The Film Music Series features soundtracks by other musicians; The Oracle Series promotes women in experimental music; The Key Series presents notable avant-garde musicians and projects; The Lunatic Fringe Series releases music and musicians operating outside of the broad categories offered by other series;] and The Spotlight Series promotes new bands and musical projects of young musicians.

With the establishment of Tzadik, Zorn released many classical composition written over the previous two decades.  Redbird, containing new works for bass drums and a harp/viola/cello/percussion quartet inspired by Agnes Martin, and The Book of Heads were released that year as part of the Composer Series.

Filmworks III: 1990-1995 (1997) featured the first recordings by the Masada lineup for Joe Chappelle's Thieves Quartet (1993) along with early drafts for the Cynical Hysterie Hour project, duets with Marc Ribot which featured in Mei-Juin Chen's Hollywood Hotel (1994), and a series of commercial soundtracks for the advertising firm Weiden and Kennedy, including one directed by Jean-Luc Godard.

Filmworks IV: S&M + More (1997) and Filmworks V: Tears of Ecstasy (1996) both included music written for films dealing with bondage and discipline, and sadomasochism.

Filmworks VI: 1996 contains the soundtracks to three underground films produced in 1996; Dina Waxman's Anton, Mailman, Henry Hills's Mechanics of the Brain, and Maria Beatty's The Black Glove.

Filmworks VII: Cynical Hysterie Hour re-released themes that Zorn produced for a Japanese cartoon. Zorn regained the rights by trading a booking at The Knitting Factory to Sony executives.

Duras: Duchamp (1997) consists of two homages.  The first, dedicated to Marguerite Duras, has four movements lasting roughly 34 minutes, influenced by Oliver Messiaen; the second, 69 Paroxyms for Marcel Duchamp, lasts a bit over 13.

Aporias: Requia for Piano and Orchestra (1998) was Zorn's first full-scale orchestral release featuring pianist Stephen Drury, the Hungarian Radio Children's Choir and the American Composers Orchestra conducted by Dennis Russell Davies.

Zorn was quoted in 1998 as saying "Sometimes I get the feeling that people just don't see me as a composer, but it's what I've always been since I was eight years old... I've always thought of myself as a composer, but the world has had a hard time looking at me as a composer because a lot of what I compose is controversial."

Filmworks VIII: 1997 features music for the documentary Port Of Last Resort (1998), which detailed the experiences of Jewish refugees who fled to Shanghai during the years preceding World War II, and the soundtrack to the underground film Latin Boys Go to Hell (1997).

Further exploration of film noir were recorded for radio plays and released as The Bribe: Variations and Extensions on Spillane (1998).

Music for Children (1998), characterized as Music Romance Volume One, opens with a polyrhythmic etude for percussion and celeste.  It also features three short Naked City compositions, written at the time of Torture Garden, performed by Zorn with the Boston-based band Prelapse; a composition for wind machines and feedback dedicated to Edgard Varèse; a classical chamber piece for violin, percussion and piano; and ends with a music box-styled lullaby. The second Music Romance album, Taboo & Exile, was released in 1999 and featured a similar spectrum of broad styles.

Godard and Spillane were re-released as a single CD, Godard/Spillane, on Tzadik in 1999.  These pieces are described by Zorn as "file-card compositions," a method of combining composition and improvisation in which Zorn would write down a description of what he wanted on file-cards and arrange them to form the piece.

Cat O' Nine Tails is featured on The String Quartets (1999) and Cartoon S/M (2000), along with Variations on "Kol Nidre", inspired by the Jewish prayer of atonement which was written at the same time as (but not part of) the first Masada Book.

In 2000, Zorn edited Arcana: Musicians on Music, containing interviews, essays, and commentaries by Anthony Coleman, Peter Garland, David Mahler, Bill Frisell, Gerry Hemingway, George Lewis, Fred Frith, Eyvind Kang, Mike Patton, and Elliott Sharp.

Zorn's next soundtrack work did not appear until this year with Filmworks IX: Trembling Before G-d featuring music for an award winning documentary about gay and lesbian Orthodox Jews trying to reconcile their sexuality with their faith directed by Sandi Simcha DuBowski.

The following year Filmworks X: In the Mirror of Maya Deren (2001) featured music for a documentary by Martina Kudlacek on the life and work of underground filmaker Maya Deren.

One of Zorn's most popular albums was the third Music Romance album, The Gift (2001), which surprised many with its relaxed blend of surf, exotica, and world music.

Songs from the Hermetic Theatre (2001) features American Magus, Beuys Block, In the Very Eye of Night, and The Nerve Key, Zorn's first computer music.  Madness, Love and Mysticism (2001) featured Le Mômo (after Antonin Artaud), Untitled, and Amour Fou.  Chimeras (2001) was inspired by Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire.

The year 2002 was a very productive one for Zorn's cinematic scores.   Filmworks XI: Secret Lives (2002) featured the Masada String Trio performing music for Aviva Slesin's documentary film on Jewish children hidden from the Nazis.

Filmworks XII (2002) included music for three documentaries; Homecoming: Celebrating Twenty Years of Dance at PS 122; Shaolin Ulysses, a film about Shaolin Monks in America: and variations on the theme for Family Found, a documentary on outsider artist Morton Bartlett.

Zorn released his third soundtrack collection of the year with Filmworks XIII: Invitation to a Suicide, written for a black comedy about a man selling tickets to his own suicide to save his father's life.

Before year's end -- in addition to a second live Painkiller album, Talisman: Live in Nagoya -- Zorn recorded Hemophiliac in 2002 with Mike Patton and Ikue Mori, continuing his interest in hardcore improvisations.  The trio's first release was a limited double-CD set, signed by the performers, that soon became a highly sought-after collectors item.

At about the time of Naked City's brief re-formation for a European tour in 2003, the composer described the game pieces process: "I write in moments, in disparate sound blocks, so I find it convenient to store these events on filing cards so they can be sorted and ordered with minimum effort. Pacing is essential. If you move too fast, people tend to stop hearing the individual moments as complete in themselves and more as elements of a sort of cloud effect... I worked 10 to 12 hours a day for a week, just orchestrating these file cards. It was an intense process - one I don't want to go through again."

Zorn's "file-card" method of organizing sound blocks into an overall structure largely depended on the musicians he chose, the way they interpreted what was written on the file cards, and their relationship with Zorn. "I'm not going to sit in some ivory tower and pass my scores down to the players." said Zorn, "I have to be there with them, and that's why I started playing saxophone, so that I could meet musicians. I still feel that I have to earn a player's trust before they can play my music. At the end of the day, I want players to say: this was fun - it was a lot of fucking work, and it's one of the hardest things I've ever done, but it was worth the effort."

Zorn's next two Filmworks releases featured in documentaries examining Jewish identity and antisemitism. Filmworks XIV: Hiding and Seeking (2003) provided the soundtrack a documentary about an Orthodox Jewish father attempting to alert his sons of the dangers of creating barriers between themselves and those outside their faith.

In September 2003, Zorn celebrated his 50th birthday with a month-long series of performances at Tonic, repeating an event he had begun a decade earlier at the Knitting Factory.

He conceptualized the month into several different aspects of his musical output. Zorn's bands performed on the weekends, classical ensembles were featured on Sundays, Zorn performed improvisations with other musicians on Mondays, his extended compositions were featured on Tuesdays, and a retrospective of game pieces was given on Wednesdays.

Twelve live albums were released as the 50th Birthday Celebration Series which featured performances by the Masada String Trio, Milford Graves,  Locus Solus, Electric Masada, Fred Frithn, Hemophiliac, Masada, Susie Ibrarra, Wadada Leo Smith, Yamataka Eye, the, Bar Kokhba Sextet, Painkiller, and the Zorn / Patton / Mori trio.

Also in that year, A Tenth Anniversary Series of Masada recordings was released: five albums including Masada Guitars by Marc Ribot, Bill Frisell, and Tim Sparks; Masada Recital by Sylvie Courvoisier and Mark Feldman; Masada Rock by Rashanim; Voices in the Wilderness; and The Unknown Masada.

In 2004, Zorn began composing the Second Masada Book, The Book of Angels, resulting in an additional 300 compositions.

"After 10 years of performing the first book, I thought 'Maybe it'd be nice to write some more tunes.' And I wrote 300 more tunes. When I started writing those it was 'Let's see if I can write a hundred songs in a month this time.' I've been working on these scales and playing these tunes all this time. In the back of my head somewhere are lodged all kinds of new ideas. Let's see if I can come up with 100 tunes in a month instead of in a yr. So in the first month, I popped out a hundred tunes; the second month, another hundred; in the third month, a third 100 tunes. I had no idea that was going to happen."

Magick (2004) includes the Crowley Quartet on Necronomicon: For String Quartet and Sortilège, for two bass clarinets.

Painkiller is featured on Zorn's 50th Birthday Celebration: Volume 12 (2005) with Hamid Drake, replacing Harris on drums, and guest vocalist Mike Patton.

Filmworks XV: Protocols of Zion (2005) highlights music for a documentary about a resurgence of antisemitism in the United States in the wake of the September 11 attacks.  Filmworks XVI: Workingman's Death (2005) presents themes for a documentary portraying hazardous employment undertaken in the Ukraine, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China.

Mysterium, released in 2005, includes Orphée, performed by a sextet of flute, viola, harp, harpsichord and electronics; Frammenti Del Sappho for female chorus; and Wulpurgisnacht for string trio. 

Rituals (2005) features Zorn's five-movement opera for mezzo soprano and ten instruments, composed for the Bayreuth Festival in 1998.

Zorn was the principal force in establishing The Stone in 2005, an avant-garde performance space in New York's Alphabet City which supports itself solely on donations and the sale of limited edition CD's, giving all door revenues directly to the performers.  Zorn holds the title of artistic director and regularly performs Improvisation Nights.

In 2006, Zorn formed the hardcore voice/bass/drums group of Mike Patton, Trevor Dunn, and Joey Baron -- which became known as Moonchild Trio.  That year two albums of Zorn's compositions performed by the trio were released: Moonchild: Songs Without Words and Astronome. 

Filmworks XVII (2006) features music for Martina Kudlacek's documentary Notes on Marie Menken intertwined with Zorn's percussive score for Beth Cataldo's portrait Ray Bandar: A Life with Skulls. Filmworks XVIII: The Treatment (2006) entails music for Oren Rudavsky's romantic comedy based on the tango music of Astor Piazolla.

The composition of Astronome dates from this year as well.

The Masada quartet performed at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in March 2007 for what were billed as their final concerts.

The next month, on April 13 -- Zorn played the final night at Tonic, the Lower East Side venue where he played regularly for the previous decade, which closed due to financial pressures.

A third Moonchild album -- featuring Zorn, Ikue Mori, Jamie Saft, and chorus -- Six Litanies for Heliogabalus, was also released that year, as well as From Silence to Sorcery, which includes Goetia, eight variations for solo violin; Gris-Gris for 13 tuned drums; and Shibboleth for clavichord, strings and percussion.

Zorn released the second volume of Arcana: Musicians on Music in the summer of 2007. According to the prefac "This second installment of what will be a continuing series of books presenting radical, cutting-edge ideas about music is made, like the initial volume, out of necessity."  This follow-up contains essays bySteve Coleman, David Douglas, Trevor Dunn, Jewlia Eisenberg, Annie Gosfield, Carla Kihlstedt, Bill Laswell, Zeena Parkins, Marina Rosenfeld, and Trey Spruance.

January 10, 2008, found Zorn performing with Lou Reed and Laurie Anderson at a special benefit night at The Stone, released as The Stone: Issue Three.

On February 4, Zorn premiered his work for three cellists 777, performed by Fred Sherry, Erik Friedlander, and Michael Nicolas at the Guggenheim Museum.

Also premiering that month was Shir Ha-Shirim, inspired by The Song of Solomon and performed by an amplified quintet of female singers with female and male narrators.  Anderson and Reed and Laurie Anderson read the texts in English

A third premiere of the month was The Dreamers with members of Electric Masada on February 29, at St Anne's Warehouse, Brooklyn.

The next month, on March 27, Columbia University's Miller Theater presented the premiere of The Prophetic Mysteries of Angels, Witches, and Demons.  

Filmworks XIX: The Rain Horse (2008) was written for an animated children's short film by Russian director Dimitri Gellar. Also released that year were Filmworks XX: Sholem Aleichem containing music for a documentary on the writer; Filmworks XXI: Belle de Nature / The New Rijksmuseum featuring soundtracks for another of Maria Beatty's films and a documentary on the restoration of the Amsterdam museum; and Filmworks XXII: The Last Supper.

Moonchild's fourth release, The Crucible, appeared this year as well.

Zorn also released The Dreamers, considered to be a sequel to The Gift.  T

In October 2008, a third volume of the Arcana series was released with essays by Greg Cohen, Frank London, Sean Lennon, Jamie Saft, and Wadada Leo Smith. 

The next year saw the issuing O'o, featuring the same players and spririt as The Dreamers.

Zorn reformed Masada as a sextet with Uri Caine and Cyro Baptista in 2009, noting,

"I felt like we kind of hit a plateau a little bit with it in 2007 and I said, 'Well, maybe the quartet is really done. Maybe we’ve accomplished what we can accomplish. Maybe it’s time to put this to bed.' And then I was asked by the Marciac Jazz Festival to put together a slightly larger group. They asked me what if I added a couple of people to Masada and I said, 'I can’t add anybody to the quartet. The quartet is the quartet, that’s what we do.' But then I thought, 'Well, if I was going to add someone I would probably ask Uri and Cyro.' So we tried it at Marciac and it was unbelievable. We didn’t even have any rehearsal time. I just passed the charts out and said, 'OK, just watch me because I’ll be conducting. Let’s just do it.' And it was one of those magical clicks on the bandstand that sometimes happens. So yeah, this band is taking off again. After 15 years of doing this music, we can still find new things."

In 2009, Richard Foreman directed Astronome: A Night at The Opera.

Volume IV of Arcana was released in September 2009, including essays by Derek Bailey, Nels Cline, Chris Cutler, Paul Dresher, Kenneth Gaburo, Shelley Hirsch, Wayne Horvitz, Vijay Iyer, Gordon Mumma, Matana Roberts, Katherine Supove and Carolyn Yarnell.  Volume V was issued in July 2010, subtitled Musicians on Music, Magic, and Mysticism.  Volume VI was published in 2012 with articles by Claire Chase, John Corigliano, Alan Gilbert, Hilary Hahn, David Lang, Tobias Picker, Gyan Riley, Jen Shyu, Julia Woolfe, Kenny Wollesen, and Charles Wuorinen.

Tuesday, January 1, 2013

Carlos Chavez / Mark Alburger


The seventh child of a creole family, Carlos Antonio de Padua Chavez y Ramirez's (June 13, 1899, Mexico City - August 2, 1978) paternal grandfather, Jose María Chavez Alonso, served as governor of the state of Aguascalientes and was ordered executed by Emperor Maximilian in 1864.  Chavez's father, Augustín, invented a plough that was produced and used in the United States, and died when Carlos was five years old.  The youngest of six children, Chavez was brought up by his mother Juvencia, who was well-suited to the task, as she served as directress of the Normal School for Young Women in Popotla.

Carlos began taking piano lessons from his brother Manuel at age nine, and began composing shortly thereafter.  He wrote several simple pieces and was adept at improvisation at the keyboard, studying briefly with Asunción Parra.  During the 1910 Revolution, all schoolteachers were ordered to leave Mexico City, so Carlos and his family relocated to Veracruz.  That same year, he became a student of Mexico’s leading composer, Manuel Ponce.

At age 12 he assiduously devoured Albert Guiraud’s Traité d'Instrumentation et Orchestration and through it learned to read and study the orchestral scores of the masters. He began composing his first symphony at 15, even though at the time he had heard a symphony orchestra only once.

In 1915 he met the man whom Carlos would say developed his musical formation, Pedro Luis Ogazon, who first introduced Debussy’s music to Mexico in 1903.  Through Ogazon, Chávez was largely influenced by the harmonic theory of Juan Fuentes.

On a trip to Mexico City when he was 16, Carlos was narrowly missed by a stray bullet during a skirmish between the warring factions. Nevertheless, the family survived these difficult times, and at the end of hostilities they settled again in Mexico’s capital city.

His family often went on vacations to Tlaxcala, Michoacán, Guanajuato, Oaxaca and other places where the cultural influence of the Mexican indigenous peoples was still very strong.

In 1916, Chavez and friends started a cultural journal, Gladios.

The Sinfonia para Orquesta was completed in 1918.  He also finished his formal studies at the National Conservatory and received a diploma in composition.  In 1920, the firm Wagner y Levien in Mexico City published some of his early Schumann-informed piano music.

After the end of the Mexican Revolution in this year, and the installation of a democratically elected president, Álvaro Obregón (serving from 1920-1924) -- Chavez became one of the first exponents of Mexican nationalist music.

The first public concert of Chávez’s music occurred in 1921, which included his Sextet for Strings and Piano. The performance was well received, and the new revolutionary governemnt shortly thereafter commissioned Chávez to compose a ballet based on ancient Aztec themes.   In El Fuego Nuevo (The New Fire), Chávez incorporated many indigenous Indian themes he recalled from his early years to create a distinctively sonorous orchestral work of seminal import to his future compositions.  Tthe work was turned down by Julián Carillo, director of the Orquesta Sinfónica, and not premiered until 1928 by the Orquesta Sinfónica de México, conducted by the composer.

In September 1922, Chavez married Otilia Ortiz, a fellow student of Luis Ogazón and an accomplished pianist.  Together they toured Europe and endeavored to promote Chávez’s music, from October 1922 until April 1923, spending two weeks in Vienna and five months in Berlin, where his Piano Sonata No. 2 was published by Bote and Bock. 

During the eight to ten days that followed in Paris, Chavez befriended composer Paul Dukas who encouraged him to concentrate on the heritage of Mexico, just as Falla had done in Spain and Bartók and Kodaly in Hungary.  Returning to his home country for the birth of their first child Anita, Carlos began organizing concerts of contemporary music at the National Preparatory School and promoted many works never before heard in Mexico -- including whose works by Satie, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Varese, Honegger, Milhaud, Poulenc... and Chavez.

Some months later, in December 1923, Chavez briefly visited the United States for the first time, returning in March 1924.  During his time in New York, Chavez acquired a taste for the then-fashionable abstract and quasi-scientific music, as is reflected in the titles of many of his compositions then, including Polígonos for piano (Polygons, 1923) and Exagonos for voice and piano (Hexagons, 1924). At the same time, classical tendencies of his early years re-asserted themselves in such works as Sonatina for Violin and Piano (1924).

He joined the staff of the newspaper El Universal in 1924, writing 500 items over 36 years. Threads of overlapping influences continued, with a second Aztec / nationalist ballet, Los Cuatro Soles (The Four Suns, 1925, and the compositions 36 for piano (1925) and Energia for nine instruments (Energy, 1925).

As public reception of his concerts continue to be only lukewarm, Chavez decided to travel again to New York in September 1926.  Leaving behind his wife, daughter, and newborn son Agustín -- he ventured to America with Mexican painter Rufino Tamayo, with whom he shared a flat in Greenwich Village. Chavez soon became friends with both Aaron Copland and Edgard Varese, who assisted him in becoming introduced to the musical shakers of the time. His works began to be heard, and they received favorable reviews.

Having finally achieved his well-deserved acclaim, Chávez returned to Mexico in June of 1928 to accept the post of musical director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Mexicana. Reorganized under his leadership, the orchestra changed its name the following year to the Orquesta Sinfónica de Mexico and became the first stable orchestra in Mexico’s history, flourishing for 21 seasons under Chavez’s directorship. He also was appointed director of the Conservatorio Nacional where he taught composition and inspired a new generation of Mexican composers, among them Candelario Huizar, Silvestre Revueltas, Daniel Ayala, Blas Galindo, Salvador Contreras, and José Moncayo.  Chavez was instrumental in taking the orchestra on tour through Mexico's rural areas.

Also in 1928, Chavez was appointed director of Mexico's National Conservatory of Music -- a position he held for six years.  In that capacity, the composer spearheaded projects to collect aboriginal folk music.  At the same time, Chavez's scientific period came to its culmination in the ballet H. P. (Horse Power, Caballos de Vapor, 1931, a colorfully orchestrated score of ample dimensions and dense, compact atmosphere, notable for its dynamism and vitality, revealing the influence of Stravinsky and at the same time returning to folkloric and popular elements, with dances such as the sandunga, tango, huapango, and foxtrot.

Over the 1930's, Chávez returned to another of the main musical interests of his maturity, prefigured in the juvenilia: the traditional genres of the sonata, quartet, symphony, and concerto.

His six numbered symphonies begin with Symphony No. 1( "Sinfonía de Antígona", 1933), reworked from incidental music for Jean Cocteau's Antigone, itself an adaptation of the Sophoclean' tragedy. Here, Chávez seeks to create an archaic ambiance through the use of modal polyphony, quartal harmonies, and predominant winds.

Such concerns are also contained in Espiral for violin and piano (Spiral, 1934).

At the same time, national tendencies continued in the 1930's, notably in Chapultepec (1935) and Symphony No. 2 ("Sinfonía India") (1936, one of the few works by Chavez to quote actual Native-American themes), and Ten Preludes for Piano (1937).

In 1937, he published a book, Toward a New Music, which is one of the first books in which a composer speaks about electronic music.  In 1938, Chavez composed the Concerto for Piano and Orchestra and conducted a series of concerts with the NBC Symphony Orchestra, during Arturo Toscanini's absence.

Chavez was commissioned in 1940 to compose a work to commemorate an exhibit of Mexican art New York’s Museum of Modern Art, and the result was Xochipilli: An Imagined Aztec Music, scored for four winds and six percussionists, using a variety of indigenous Mexican instruments.  

In 1943, Chávez was inducted as one of 13 charter members of El Colegio Nacional and began lecturing extensively on musical subjects.  He also began Ediciones Mexicanas de Música which helped popularize the music of many modern composers.

By 1945, he had come to be regarded as the foremost Mexican composer and conductor.

Shortly after the inauguration of President Miguel Aleman in 1946, Chavez was appointed director of a new administrative body called the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes.

From January 1947 until 1952, Chavez served as director-general of the National Institute of Fine Arts. In his first year, he formed the National Symphony Orchestra.

Due to his new responsibilities, however, Chávez had to give up his position with the Orquesta Sinfonía de México, whose charter was dissolved in 1949, and his output of new compositions was also significantly diminished. Perhaps his most notable work from this period was his Concerto for Violin and Piano (1950).

Chávez retired from the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1952.  During the 1950’s and 1960’s he received a number of commissions for new works, including three symphonies: Symphony No. 4 (Louisville Symphony Orchestra), Symphony No. 5 (Sergei Koussevitsky Foundation), and Symphony No. 6 (Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts).

In May 1953, he was commissioned by Lincoln Kirstein, director of the New York City center of Music and Drama, for a three-act opera to a libretto by Chester Kallman based on a story by Boccaccio, to be titled The Tuscan Players.  Intended to be finished in August 1954, it was first postponed to April 1955, but only finally completed in 1956, by which time the title had been changed twice, first to Pánfilo and Lauretta, then to El Amor Propiciado.  The City Center waived its rights to the first performance, which was given under the title Panfilo and Lauretta in the Brander Matthews Theatre at Columbia University in New York on May 9, 1957, under the baton of Howard Shanet. Stage direction was by Bill Butler, scenic design by Herbert Senn and Helen Pond, and costumes by Sylvia Wintle. The principal singers were Sylvia Stahlman, Frank Porretta, Craig Timberlake, Mary McMurray, Michael Kermoyan, and Thomas Stewart. The opera would be revised twice more and the title changed again to Los Visitantes (The Visitors), for productions in 1968 and 1973, in Mexico City and Aptos, California, respectively.

From 1958-1959, he was the Charles Eliot Norton professor at Harvard University, and the public lectures he gave there were published as Musical Thought (1961).  In the fourth lecture, Repetition in Music -- he describes a mode of composition already observable in many of his compositions since the 1920's, in which "the idea of repetition and variation can be replaced by the notion of constant rebirth, of true derivation: a stream that never comes back to its source; a stream in eternal development, like a spiral."

He resumed administrative duties in 1969 when he accepted the post as Secretariat of Public Education, and after he had harshly criticized the current teaching methods of the Conservatorio Nacional, Mexico’s new president Luis Echeverría appointed him to develop a comprehensive curriculum for the public schools and bestowed on him the post of Head of the Music Department of INBA and music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional.  A dispute with the orchestra members’ union led to his resignation from both posts.

His orchestral composition Discovery (1969) was commissioned by the Cabrillo Festival of Contemporary Music.  From the next year to 1973, he served as the Festival's Music Director.

Most of his final years were spent in New York City, as he remained disillusioned with the state of musical life in Mexico.  He took an apartment directly across from the Lincoln Center in 1974, where he resided until his death. He gave his final performance conducting the premiere of his Concerto for Trombone on May8, 1978, in Washington, DC.

Carlos Chavez died on August 2, 1978, while visiting  his daughter Ana in the Coyoacán suburb of Mexico City.

His manuscripts and papers are housed in the Music Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts and in the National Archive of Mexico, in Mexico City.

Saturday, December 1, 2012

Hans Werner Henze / Mark Alburger


Hans Werner Henze (July 1, 1926 Gutersloh, Germany - October 27, 2012, Dresden), the oldest of six children of a teacher, and showed early interest in art and music. That and his political views led to conflict with his conservative father, Franz, who had served in the First World War and was wounded at Verdun.  Books by Christian and Jewish authors were replaced in the Henze household by literature reflecting Nazi views.  The older boys, including Hans, were enrolled in the Hitler Youth.

Hans, who had heard broadcasts of classical music (particularly Mozart), began studies at the state music school of Braunschweig in 1942, studying piano, percussion, and theory.  He had to break off his education after being conscripted into the army in 1944, towards the end of World War II.  Trained as a radio officer, he was soon captured by the British and held in a prisoner-of-war camp.  In 1945, he became an accompanist in the Bielefeld City Theatre and continued his training under Wolfgang Fortner at Heidelberg University the next year.

Henze had successful performances at Darmstadt, including an immediate success that season with a neo-baroque work for piano, flute and strings, that brought him to the attention of Schott Music publications.  He also took part in the Darmstadt New Music Summer School, turning, in 1947, to serial compositions. 

During this time, he worked with 12-tone technique in his First Symphony and Violin Concerto.  In 1948, Henze became musical assistant at the Deutscher Theater in Konstanz, where he composed his first opera Das Wundertheater, based on Cervantes.  Subsequently, Sadler's Wells Ballet visited Hamburg, inspiring Henze to write the choreographic poem Ballett-Variationen , first performed in Düsseldorf in September 1949.

Following this, he became ballet conductor at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden in Wiesbaden, where he composed two operas for radio, his Piano Concerto No. 1, and the jazz-influenced opera Boulevard Solitude, a reimagining of Andre Prevost's Manon Lescaut (1731, also the basis of Jules Massenet's Manon, 1884).

In 1953, Henze left Germany in disappointment, in reaction against homophobia and the country's general political climate, and moved to Italy, where he remained for most of his life, at first settling on Ischia in the Gulf of Naples.  Also resident were William Walton and his wife Susana, who took a great interest in the young German composer.  Two years later, Henze's Quattro poemi for orchestra made clear that he had moved far from the avant-garde.   In January 1956, Henze moved to Naples, initially he suffering disappointment, with the controversial premiere of the König Hirsch (The Stag King, 1957, Carlo Gozzi) -- despite its lush, rich textures.

A trend towards opulence was continued that year in Ondine, for choreographer Frederick Ashton, where the influence of Weber, Mendelssohn, Stravinsky (both Russian and Neoclassic), and jazz can all be heard.   Henze's spikier Maratona di danza (Luchino Visconti) even includes an on-stage band.

Henze's Five Neapolitan Songs, for Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, were also composed soon after his arrival in Naples, as well as Serenades and Arias.  During a brief stay in Greece, he completed the harsh cantata-esque Kammermusik (1958), dedicated to Benjamin Britten and written for Peter Pears, the guitarist Julian Bream, and eight instrumentalists.  That same year, with librettist Ingeborg Bachmann, Henze wrote the operas Der Prinz von Homburg (1958, after Heinrich von Kleist).

In 1961, the composer, with his gardener-partner Fausto Moroni, moved to a secluded villa. La Leprara, on the hills of Marino, overlooking the Tiber south of Rome.  From 1962 until 1967, Henze taught masterclasses in composition at the Mozarteum in Salzburg, in 1964 composing Choral Fantasy (1964) and Der Junge Lord (Bachmann, after Wilhelm Hauff).  In the final year at Mozarteum, he became a visiting Professor at Dartmouth College.

Political concerns became prominent in such works as Symphony No. 6 (1969), Violin Concerto No. 2 (1971), and Voices (1973).  Because or despite this, Henze became an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music, London in 1975, with his activism reaching high point the next year with the premiere of We Come to the River.

At this point, Henze founded the Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte in Montepulciano, where Pollicino premiered in 1980.  From here until 1991, he led a class in composition in the Cologne Music School. In 1981 he founded the Mürztal Workshops in the Austria, and two years later wrote The English Cat, subsequently followed by the setting up of the Deutschlandsberg Youth Music Festival.  1988 saw the foundation of the Munich Biennale.

His later works, while less controversial, continued in political and social engagement, including The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea (Das Verratene Meer, 1990, based on Yukio Mishima's Gogo no Eiko).

Henze's Requiem (1993) comprises nine sacred concertos for piano, trumpet and chamber orchestra, and was written in memory of the Michael Vyner.  In 1995 Henze received the Westphalian Music Prize, which has carried his name since 2001.  The choral Symphony No. 9 (1997, Hans-Ulrich Treichel) is based on motifs from Anna Seghers's The Seventh Cross, as a defiant rejection of Nazism. Invited by Walter Fink, he was the tenth composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2000, but he did not attend due to illness.  2003 saw the successful premiere of L'Upupa und der Triumph der Sohnesliebe (The Hoopoe and the Triumph of Filial Love) at the Salzburg Festival, based on a Syrian fairy tale.  The next year included the composition of Sebastian im Traum (2004) and the reception of an honorary doctorate in Musicology from the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München.

Moroni cared for Henze when he suffered a spectacular emotional collapse during which he barely spoke and had to be encouraged to eat, living as though in a coma.  In the year of Henze's sudden recovery in 2007, he wrote Phaedra, and Moroni died after a lengthy battle with cancer.  Elogium Musicum (2008) with a Latin text by Henze, is an obituary to his partner of more than 40 years.


Works List

Kleines Quartett for Oboe, Violin, Viola, and Cello (1945)
Sechs Lieder (1945)
Kammerkonzert (1946)
Sonata for Violin and Piano (1946)
Concertino (1947)
Fünf Madrigäle (1947)
Sonatina for Flute and Piano (1947)
Sonatina for Piano (1947)
String Quartet No. 1 (1947)
Symphony No. 1 (1947)
Violin Concerto no. 1 (1947)
Apollo et Hyazinthus (1948)
Chor Gefangener Trojer (1948)
Kammersonate (1948)
Der Vorwurf (1948)
Whispers from Heavenly Death (1948)
Wiegenlied der Mutter Gottes (1948)
Das Wundertheater (1948)
Ballet-Variationen (1949)
Jack Pudding (1949)
Serenade for Solo Cello (1949)
Suite (1949)
Symphony No. 2 (1949)
Variationen (1949)
Chanson Pflastersteine (1950)
Die Gefangenen (1950)
Piano Concerto No. 1 (1950)
Sinfonische Variationen (1950)
Symphony No. 3 (1950)
Le Tombeau d'Orphée (1950) 
Das Vokaltuch der Kammersängerin Rosa Silber (1950)
Boulevard Solitude (1951)
Labyrinth (1951)
Ein Landarzt (1951)
Sinfonische Zwischenspiele (1951)
Der Tolle Tag (1951)
Der Idiot (1952)
Pas d’Action (1952)
Sodom und Gomorrha (1952)
String Quartet No. 2 (1952)
Tancredi (1952)
Tanz und Salonmusik (1952)
Wind Quintet (1952)
Das Ende einer Welt (1953)
Ode an den Westwind (1953)
Quattro poemi (1955)
Der Sechste Gesang (1955)
Symphony No. 4 (1955)
Vokalsinfonie (1955)
Die Zikaden (1955)
Concerto per il Marigny (1956)
Drei Tentos (1958)
Fünf Neapolitanische Lieder (1956)
König Hirsch (1956)
Maratona (1956)
Sinfonische Etüden (1956)
Hochzeitsmusik (1957)
Jeux des Tritons (1957)
Nachtstücke und Arien (1957)
Undine (1957)
Drei Dithyramben (1958)
Drei Fragmente nach Hölderlin (1958) 
Kammermusik 1958 (1958)
Der Prinz von Homburg (1958)
Sonata per Archi (1958)
Trois pas des Triton (1958)
Undine, Suite No. 1 (1958)
Undine, Suite No. 2 (1958)
L’Usignolo dell’Imperatore (1959)
Sonata for Piano (1959)
Antifone (1960)
Jüdische Chronik (1960)
Elegy for Young Lovers (Elegie für Junge Liebende) (1961)
Six Absences (1961)
Les Caprices de Marianne (1962)
Novae de Infinito Laudes (1962)
Symphony No. 5 (1962)
Ariosi (1963)
Being Beauteous (1963)
Cantata della Fiaba Estrema (1963)
Los Caprichos (1963)
Lucy Escott Variations (1963)
Muriel ou Le Temps d'un Retour (1963)
Quattro Fantasie (1963)
Three Arias (1963)
Divertimenti (1964)
Der Frieden (1964)
Der Junge Lord (1964)
Ein Landarzt (1964)
Lieder von Einer Insel (1964)
Tancredi (1964)
Zwischenspiele (1964)
The Bassarids (Die Bassariden) (1965)
Mänadentanz (1965)
In Memoriam: die Weisse Rose (1965)
Double Bass Concerto (1966)
Double Concerto (1966)
Fantasia for Strings (1966)
Der Junge Törless (1966)
Muzen Siziliens (1966)
Moralities (1967)
Piano Concerto No. 2 (1967)
Telemanniana (1967)
Das Floss der Medusa (1968)
Versuch über Schweine (1968) 
Symphony No. 6 (1969)
El Cimarron (1970)
Compases para Preguntas Ensimismadas (1970)
Memorias de "El Cimarrón" (1970)
L'Usignolo dell'Imperatore (1970)
Das Floss der Medusa (1971)
Fragmente aus Einer Show (1971)
Der Langwierige Weg in die Wohnung der Natascha Ungeheuer (1971)
Prison Song (1971)
Violin Concerto No. 2 (1971)
Heliogabalus Imperator (1972)
La Cubana, Oder Ein Leben für die Kunst (1973)
Tristan (1973)
Voices (1973)
Carillon, Récitatif, Masque (1974)
Sonatina for Trumpet (1974)
Heb Doch die Stimme An (1975)
Kindermund (1975)
The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum (1975)
Ragtimes and Habaneras (1975)
Amicizia! (1976 )
Capriccio (1976)
Mad People's Madrigal (1976)
Royal Winter Music, Sonata No.1 (1976)
String Quartet No. 3 (1976)
String Quartet No. 4 (1976)
String Quartet No. 5 (1976)
We Come to the River (1976)
L'Autunno (1977)
Aria de la Folía Española (1977)
Der Taugenichts (1977)
Ländler (1977)
Sonata for Violin (1977)
S. Biagio 9 Agosto Ore 12.07 (1977)
Trauer-Ode für Margaret Geddes (1977)
Il Vitalino Raddoppiato (1977)
 Five Scenes from the Snow Country (1978)
Margareten-Walzer (1978)
 Orpheus (1978)
The Woman (1978)
Apollo Trionfante (1979)
Arien des Orpheus (1979)
Barcarola (1979)
Dramatische Szenen aus "Orpheus" I (1979)
Epitaph (1979)
Etude Philarmonique (1979)
El Rey de Harlem (1979)
Royal Winter Music, Sonata No. 2 (1979)
Sonata for Viola and Piano (1979)
Sonatina for Violin and Piano (1979)
Toccata senza Fuga (1979)
Drei Märchenbilder (1980)
Montezuma (1980)
Pollicino (1980)
Sechs Stücke für Junge Pianisten (1980)
Spielmusiken (1980)
Cherubino (1981)
Euridice (1981)
Le Miracle de la Rose (Imaginäres Theater II) (1981)
Variation for Brass Quintet (1981)
Von Krebs zu Krebs (1981)
Canzona (1982)
Nach Lissabon (1982)
Un Amour de Swann (1983)
The English Cat (1983)
Orpheus Behind the Wire (1983)
Sonata for Piccolo Trumpet, 2 Trumpets, Fluegel Horn, Bass Trumpet, 2 Trombones, and Bass Trombone (1983)
Three Auden Songs (1983)
L'Amour à Mort (1984)
Deutschlandsberger Mohrentanz No. 1 (1984)
Une Petite Phrase (1984)
Sonata for Flute, Clarinet, Violin, Cello, Percussion, and Piano (1984)
Symphony No. 7 (1984)
Deutschlandsberger Mohrentanz No. 2 (1985)
Fandango (1985)
Kleine Elegien (1985)
Konzertstück (1985)
Liebeslieder (1985)
Selbst- und Zwiegespräche (1985)
Eine Kleine Hausmusik (1986)
Ode an Eine Äolsharfe (1986)
Serenade for Solo Violin (1986)
Allegra e Boris (1987)  
Cinque Piccoli Concerti e Ritornelli (1987)
La Mano Sinistra (1988)
Piece for Peter (1988)
Clavierstück (1989)
Drei Lieder uber den Schnee (1989)
Für Manfred (1989) 
Das Verratene Meer (1989)
Fünf Nachtstücke (1990)
Paraphrasen über Dostojewsky (1990)
Gogo No Eiko (1990)
An Sascha (1991)
Das Haus Ibach (1991)
Piano Quintet (1991)
La Selva Incantata, Aria and Rondo (1991)
Zwei Konzertarien (1991)
Adagio for String Sextet (1992)
Introduktion, Thema, und Variationen (1992)
Minette (1992)
Pulcinella Disperato (1992)
An Brenton for Viola (1993)
Adagio, Serenade (1993)
Heilige Nacht (1993)
Lieder und Tänze (1993)
Requiem: 9 Geistliche Konzerte (1993) Symphony No. 8 (1993)
Appassionatamente (1994)
Für Reinhold (1994)
Heimlich zur Nacht (1994)
Toccata Mistica (1994)
Le Disperazioni del Signor Pulcinella (1995)
Hirtenlieder (1995)
Venus und Adonis (1995)
Notturno (1995)
Erlkönig (1996)
Le Fils de l'Air (1996)
Leçons de Danse (1996)
Minotauros Blues (1996)
Neue Volkslieder und Hirtengesänge (1996)
Pulcinellas Erzählungen (1996)
Serenata Notturna (1996)
Sieben Boleros (1996)
Violin Concerto No. 3, Three Portraits from Thomas Mann's Doktor Faustus (1996)
Voie Lactee o Soeur Lumineuse (1996)
Zigeunerweisen und Sarabanden (1996)
Symphony No. 9 (1997)
Sechs Gesänge aus dem Arabischen (1998) 
Fraternité (1999)  
Ein Kleines Potpourri for Flute, Vibraphone, Harp, and Piano (2000)
Symphony No. 10 (2000)
A Tempest (2000)
Olly on the Shore (2001)
Scorribanda Sinfonica (2001)
L’Heure Bleue (2001)
Scorribanda Pianistica (2003)
L'Upupa und der Triumph der Sohnesliebe (2003)
Fünf Botschaften für die Königin von Saba (2004)
Sebastian im Traum (2004)
Phaedra (2007)
Elogium Musicum (2008)
Der Opfergang (2010)
An den Wind (2011)
Gisela! Oder die Merk- und Denkwürdigen Wege des Glücks (2010)